Both Process and Outcome Are Essential to Planning

Positive adaptation to trauma: wisdom as both process and outcome.

Positive adaptation to psychological trauma and wisdom both have a rich history in European literature and philosophy. Although the literature on posttraumatic growth has recognized the possibility of wisdom as an outcome of adaptation, its role in the process of adaptation has been neglected. A theoretical framework is presented that conceptualizes three dimensions of wisdom as crucial to an u...

Of Politicians and Technocrats, and Why Global Health Scholars Are Inevitably a Bit of Both: A Response to Recent Commentaries

Phenotyping and genotyping are both essential to identify and classify a probiotic microorganism

The use of probiotic products, especially for humans, requires an unequivocal taxonomical definition of their microbial content, in order to assign the probiotic effects to well identified and characterized microbial strains. In the absence of this, the labeling of some marketed probiotics may be misleading, both in terms of microbiological contents and possible beneficial effects. Currently, t...

Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are essential to induce experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis

CD4+ T cells have been shown to be crucial in the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). The role of CD8+ T cells in EAMG is less well established. We previously showed that antibody depletion of CD8+ T cells in rats effectively suppresses EAMG. To further study the role and relationship of CD4+ versus CD8+ T cells in induction of EAMG, CD4-/-, CD8-/-, and CD4-8- mutan...

Point:Counterpoint: Medullary pacemaker neurons are essential for both eupnea and gasping in mammals vs. medullary pacemaker neurons are essential for gasping, but not eupnea, in mammals POINT: MEDULLARY PACEMAKER NEURONS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR BOTH EUPNEA AND GASPING IN MAMMALS

Despite intense research it remains unresolved whether pacemakers are essential for eupnea and/or gasping. Recordings of neural activity in vivo and in vitro and attempts to eliminate pacemaker activity through pharmacological lesions have led to controversial interpretations. Yet it must be emphasized that major progress has been achieved over the past decade. Medullary network located within ...